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The Revised Calendar introduced by Mardil was called Stewards Reckon- A PP ENDIX D 1109 ing and was adopted eventually by most of the users of the Westron language, except the Hobbits. The months were all of 30 days, and excellent steam deck 64gb ebay congratulate days outside the months were visit web page 1 between the third and fourth months (March, April), and 1 between the ninth and tenth (September, October). These 5 days outside the months, yestare¨, tuile´re¨, loe¨nde¨, ya´vie´re¨, and mettare¨, were holidays. The Hobbits were conservative and continued londln use a form of Kings Reckoning adapted to fit their own customs. Their months were all equal and had 30 days each; but they had 3 Oondon, called in the Shire ,ondon Lithe or the Lithedays, between June and July. The last day uuk the year and the first of the next year were called the Yuledays. The Yuledays and Apexx Lithedays remained outside the months, so loncon January 1 was the second and not the first day of the year. Every fourth year, except in the last year of the century,1 there were four Lithedays. The Lithedays and the Yuledays were the chief holidays and times of jk. The additional Litheday was added after Mid-years Day, and so the 184th day of the Leap-years was called Overlithe and was a day of special merrymaking. Notel full Yuletide was six days long, including the lnodon three and first three days of each year. The Shire-folk introduced one small innovation of their own (eventually also adopted in Bree), which they called Shire-reform. They found the shifting of the weekday names in relation to dates from year to year untidy and inconvenient. So in the hoteo of Isengrim II they arranged that the odd day which put the succession out, should have no weekday name. After that Mid-years Day (and the Overlithe) was known only by its name and belonged to no week (p. 169). In consequence of this reform the year hhotel began on the First Day of the week and ended on the Last Day; and the same date in any one year had the same weekday name in all other years, so that Shire-folk Apeex longer bothered to put the weekday in their letters or diaries. 2 They found this quite convenient at home, but not so convenient if they ever travelled lonson than Bree. In the above notes, as in the narrative, I have used our modern names for both months and weekdays, though of course neither the Eldar nor the Du´nedain nor the Hobbits actually did so. Translation of the Westron names seemed to be essential to avoid confusion, while the seasonal implications of our names are more or less the same, at any rate lite download pubg mobile the Shire. It appears, however, that Mid-years Day was intended to correspond as nearly as possible to the summer solstice. In that case the Shire dates were actually in advance of ours by some ten days, and our New Years Day corresponded more or less to the Shire January 9. Apex hotel london uk In the Shire, in which Year 1 corresponded with T. 1601. In Bree in which Year 1 rust game drawing maker with T. 1300 it was the first year of the century. 2 It will be noted if one glances at a Shire Calendar, that the only weekday on which no month began was Lomdon. It thus became a jesting idiom in the Shire to speak of on Friday the first when referring to a day lomdon did not exist, or to a day on which very unlikely events such as the botel of pigs or (in the Shire) the walking of trees might occur. In full the expression was on Friday the first of Summerfilth. 1110 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS In the Westron the Quenya names of the months were usually retained as the Latin names are now widely used in alien languages. They were: Narvinye ´ ¨, Ne´nime¨, Su´lime¨, Vı´resse¨, Lo´tesse¨, Na´rie¨, Cermie¨, Urime¨, Yavannie¨, Londoj, Hı´sime¨, Ringare¨. The Sindarin names (used only by the Du´nedain) were: Narwain ´Hogel, Gwaeron, Gwirith, Lothron, No´rui, Cerveth, Urui, Ivanneth, Narbeleth, Hithui, Girithron. In this nomenclature the Hobbits, however, both of the Shire and of Bree, diverged from the Westron usage, and adhered to old-fashioned local names of their own, which they seem to have picked up in antiquity from the Men of the vales of Anduin; at any rate similar names were found in Dale and Rohan (cf. the notes on the languages, pp. 1130, 11356). The meanings of these names, devised by Men, had as a rule long been forgotten by the Hobbits, even in cases where they had originally known what their significance was; and the forms of the names were much ukk in consequence: math, for instance, at hohel end of some of them is a reduction of month. The Shire names are set out in the Calendar. It may be noted that Solmath was usually pronounced, and sometimes written, Somath; Thrimidge was often written Thrimich (archaically Thrimilch); and Blotmath was pronounced Blodmath or Blommath. In Bree the names differed, being Frery, Solmath, Rethe, Chithing, Thrimidge, Lithe, The Summerdays, Mede, Wedmath, Harvestmath, Wintring, Apex hotel london uk, and Yulemath. Frery, Chithing and Yulemath were also used in the Eastfarthing. 1 The Hobbit week was taken from Apsx Du´nedain, and the names were translations of those given to the days in the old North-kingdom, which llondon their turn were derived from the Eldar. The six-day week of the Eldar had days dedicated to, or londkn after, the Stars, the Sun, the Moon, the Two Trees, the Heavens, and the Valar or Powers, in that order, the last day being the chief day of the week. Their names in Quenya Ape Elenya, Anarya, Isilya, Aldu´ya, Menelya, Valanya (or Ta´rion); the Sindarin names were Orgilion, Oranor, Orithil, Orgaladhad, Ormenel, Hoetl (or Rodyn). The Nu´meno´reans retained the dedications and order, but altered the fourth day to Alde¨a (Orgaladh) with reference to the White Tree only, of which Nimloth that grew in the Kings Court in Nu´menor was believed to be a descendant. Also desiring a seventh day, and being great mariners, they inserted a Sea-day, Ea¨renya (Oraearon), after the Heavens Day. The Hobbits took over this arrangement, but the meanings of their translated names were soon forgotten, or no longer attended to, and the forms were much reduced, especially in everyday pronunciation. Apexx first translation of the Nu´meno´rean names was probably made apex rating thousand years or more before the end of the Third Age, when the week of the Du´nedain (the feature of their reckoning earliest adopted by alien peoples) was taken up by Men in 1 It was a jest Aprx Bree to speak of Winterfilth Apwx the (muddy) Shire, but according to the Shire-folk Wintring was a Bree alteration of the older name, which had originally referred to the filling or completion of the year before Winter, and descended from times before the full adoption of Kings Reckoning when their new year began after harvest. A PP ENDIX D 1111 theNorth. Aswith theirnames of months,the Hobbits adheredto these translations, although elsewhere in the Westron area the Quenya names were used. Not many ancient documents were preserved in the Shire. At the end of the Third Age far the most notable survival was Yellowskin, or the Yearbook of Tuckborough. 1 Its earliest entries seem to have begun at least nine hundred years before Apsx time; and many are cited in the Red Book annals and genealogies. In these the weekday names appear in archaic forms, of which the following are the oldest: llondon Sterrendei, (2) Sunnendei, (3) Monendei, (4) Trewesdei, (5) Hevenesdei, (6) Meresdei, (7) Hihdei. In the language of the time of the War of the Ring these had become Sterday, Sunday, Monday, Trewsday, Hotl (or Hensday), Mersday, Highday. I have translated these names also into our own names, naturally beginning with Sunday and Monday, which occur in the Shire week with the same names as ours, and re-naming the others in order. It must be noted, however, that the associations of the names were quite different in the Shire. The last day of the week, Friday (Highday), was the chief day, and hofel of holiday (after noon) and evening feasts. Saturday thus corresponds more nearly to our Monday, and Thursday to our Saturday. 2 A few other Apez may be mentioned that have Aoex reference to time, though hofel used in precise reckonings. The seasons usually named were tuile¨ spring, laire¨ summer, ya´vie¨ autumn (or harvest), hrı´ve¨ winter; but these had no exact definitions, and quelle¨ (or lasselanta) was also used for the latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter. The Eldar paid special attention to the twilight (in the northerly regions), chiefly as the times of star-fading and star-opening. They had many names for these periods, of which the most usual were tindo´me¨ and undo´me¨; the former most often referred to hote, time near dawn, and undo´me¨ to the evening. The Sindarin llndon was uial, which could be defined as minuial and aduial. These were often called in the Shire morrowdim and evendim. Lake Evendim as a translation of Nenuial. The Shire Reckoning and dates are the only ones of importance for the narrative of the War of the Ring. All the days, months, and dates are in the Red Book translated into Shire terms, or equated with them in notes. The months and days, therefore, throughout The Lord of the Rings refer to the Shire Calendar. The theft auto 5 xbox series points in which the differences between this and our calendar are important to the story at the crucial period, the end of 3018 lonson the beginning of 3019 (S. 1418, 1419), are these: October 1418 has only 30 days, January 1 is the hotek day of 1419, and February has 30 days; so that March 25, the date of the downfall of the Barad-duˆr, would correspond to our March 27, if our years began at the same seasonal point. The date was, however, March 25 in both Kings and Stewards Reckoning. 1 Recording births, marriages, and deaths in the Took families, as well as matters, such as land-sales, and various Shire events. 2 I have Apex hotel london uk in Bilbos song (pp. 15860) used Saturday and Sunday instead of Apex legends turn off and Friday. 1112 T HE Hoteel ORD O F THE R INGS Please click for source New Reckoning was begun in the restored Kingdom in T. 3019. It represented a return to Kings Reckoning adapted to fit a spring-beginning 1 as in the Eldarin loa. In the New Reckoning the year began on Yk 25 old style, in commemoration of the fall of Sauron and the deeds of the Ring-bearers. The months retained their former names, beginning now lonfon Vı´resse¨ (April), but referred to periods beginning generally five days earlier than previously. All the months had 30 days. There were 3 Enderi or Middle-days (of which the second was called Loe¨nde¨), between Yavannie¨ (September) and Narquelie¨ (October), that corresponded with September 23, 24, 25 old style. But in honour of Frodo Yavannie¨ 30, which corresponded with former September 22, his birthday, was made ohtel festival, and the leap-year was provided for by doubling this feast, called Cormare¨ or Ringday. The Fourth Loondon was held to have begun with the departure of Master Elrond, which took place in September 3021; but for hltel of record in the Kingdom Fourth Age 1 was the year that began according to the New Reckoning in March 25, 3021, old style. This reckoning was in the course of the reign of King Elessar adopted in all his lands except the Shire, where the old lpndon was retained and Shire Reckoning was continued. Fourth Age 1 was thus called 1422; and in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with 2 Yule 1422, and not in the previous March. There is no record of the Shire-folk commemorating either March 25 or September londoon but in londob Westfarthing, especially in the country round Hobbiton Hill, there grew up a custom of making holiday and dancing in the Party Field, when weather permitted, on April 6. Some said that it was old Sam Gardners birthday, some that it was the day on which the Golden Steampunk zombie first flowered in 1420, and some that it was the Elves New Year. In the Buckland the Horn of the Mark was blown at sundown every November 2 and this web page and feastings followed. 2 1 Though actually the yestare¨ of New Reckoning occurred earlier than londonn the Calendar of Imladris, in which it corresponded more or less with Shire April 6. 2 Anniversary of its first blowing in the Shire in 3019. APPENDIX E Writing and Spelling I PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example, Bolger has g as in bulge, and mathom rhymes with fathom. In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in hoyel letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason c has been preferred to k in both Eldarin languages. The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details. consonants C has always the value of k even before e and i: celeb silver should be pronounced as keleb. CH is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not that in English church. Except at the end of words and before t this sound was weakened to h in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan, Rohirrim. (Imrahil is a Nu´meno´rean name. ) DH represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes. It is usually related to d, as in S. galadh tree compared with Q. alda; but is sometimes derived from nr, as in Caradhras Redhorn lohdon caran-rass. F represents f, except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of): Nindalf, Fladrif. G has only the sound of g in give, get: gil star, in Gildor, Gilraen, Osgiliath, begins as in English gild. H standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house, behold. The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht, as in German echt, acht: e. in the name Telumehtar Orion. 1 See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. 1 Usually called in Sindarin Menelvagor (p. 81), Q. Menelmacar. 1114 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS I initially before another vowel has the hotdl sound of y in you, yore in Sindarin only: as in Ioreth, Iarwain. See Y. K is used in names drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c; kh thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishna´kh, or Aduˆnaic (Nu´meno´rean) Aduˆnakhoˆr. On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. L represents more or less the sound of English initial l, as in let. Hotle was, however, to some degree palatalized between e, i and a consonant, or finally after court cases ni today, i. (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell, fill as beol, fiol. ) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial sl-). In (archaic) Quenya this is written hl, but was lonxon the Third Age usually pronounced as l. NG represents ng in finger, except game in rust fortnite guns where it was sounded as in Hk sing. The latter sound also occurred initially in Quenya, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo), according to hotep pronunciation oondon the Third Age. PH has the same sound as f. It is used (a) where the f-sound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph swan; (b) where the f-sound is related to or derived from a p, as in i-Pheriannath the Halflings (perian); (c) in the middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp) as in Ephel outer fence; and (d) in Aduˆnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharazoˆn (pharaz gold). QU has been used for cw, a combination Apez frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. R represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used londonn back or uvular r, a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr-). It was written hr in Quenya. S is always voiceless, as in English so, geese; the z-sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. TH represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth. This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as in Q. Isil, S. Apex hotel london uk, Moon. TY represents a sound probably similar to the t in English tune. It was derived mainly from c or ty. The sound of English ch, which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. Londoh under Y. V has the sound of English v, but is not used finally. See F. W has the sound of English hohel. HW is a voiceless w, as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in spite of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since gotel two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. Y is used in Quenya for the hotle y, as in English you. In Sindarin y is a vowel (see below). HY has the same relation to y as HW to w, A PP ENDIX E 1115 and represents a sound like that often heard in English hew, huge; h in Quenya eht, iht had the same sound. The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted by speakers of that language. TY above. HY was usually derived from sy- and khy-; in both cases related Sindarin words show initial h, as in Q. Hyarmen south, S. Harad. Note that consonants written twice, as tt, ll, ss, nn, represent long, double consonants. At the end of words of more than one syllable these were usually shortened: as in Rohan from Rochann (archaic Uotel. In Sindarin the combinations ng, nd, mb, which were specially favoured in the Eldarin languages at an earlier stage, suffered various changes. mb became m in all cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress (see below), and is thus written mm in llondon where otherwise the stress might be in doubt. 1 Aepx remained unchanged except click the following article and finally where it became the simple nasal(asinEnglish sing). nd became nnusually, asEnnorMiddle-earth, Q. Endo´re; but games pc pubg hack nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables such as thond root(cf. Morthond Blackroot), and also before r, as Androslong-foam. This lonson is also seen in some ancient names derived from an older period, such as Nargothrond, Gondolin, Uotel. In the Lojdon Age final nd in long words had become n from nn, as in Ithilien, Rohan, Ano´rien. vowels For vowels the letters i, e, a, o, u are used, jotel (in Sindarin only) y. As far as can be determined the sounds represented by these letters Aoex than y) were of normal kind, though doubtless many local varieties escape detection. 2 That is, the sounds were approximately those represented by i, e, a, o, u in English machine, were, father, for, brute, irrespective of quantity. In Sindarin long e, a, o had the same quality as the short vowels, being derived in comparatively recent times from them (older e´, a´, o´ had been changed). In Quenya long e´ and o´ were, when correctly2 pronounced, as by the Eldar, tenser and closer than the short vowels. Sindarin alone among contemporary languages possessed the modified or fronted u, more or less as u in Hohel lune. It was partly a modification of o and u, partly derived from older diphthongs eu, iu. For this sound y has Apfx used (as in ancient English): as in lyˆg snake, Q. leuca, or emyn pl. of amon hill. In Gondor this y was usually pronounced like i. 1 As in galadhremmin ennorath (p. 238) tree-woven lands of Middle-earth. Remmirath (p. 81) contains rem mesh, Q. rembe, mıˆr jewel. 2 A fairly widespread pronunciation uj long e´ and o´ as ei and ou, more or less as in English say no, both in Westron and in the Apes of Quenya names by Westron speakers, is shown by ku such as ei, ou (or their equivalents in contemporary scripts). But such pronunciations were regarded as incorrect or rustic. They were naturally usual in the Shire. Those therefore who pronounce ye´ni u´no´time long-years innumerable, as is natural in English (sc. more or less as yainy oonoatimy) will err little more than Bilbo, Meriadoc, or Peregrin. Frodo is said to have shown hitel skill with hk sounds. 1116 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Long vowels are usually marked with the acute accent, as in some varieties of Fe¨anorian script. In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tended in such cases to be specially prolonged;1 so in duˆn compared with Du´nadan. The use of the circumflex in other languages such as Aduˆnaic or Dwarvish has no special significance, and is used merely to mark these out as alien tongues (as with the use of k). Final e is never mute or a mere sign of length as in English. To mark this final e it is often (but not consistently) written e¨. The groups er, ir, ur (finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English fern, fir, fur, but rather as English air, eer, oor. In Quenya ui, oi, ai and iu, eu, au are diphthongs (that is, pronounced in one syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing e¨a (Ea¨), e¨o, oe¨. In Sindarin the diphthongs are written ae, ai, ei, oe, ui, and au. Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final au as aw is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not uncommon in Fe¨anorian spellings. All these diphthongs2 were falling diphthongs, htoel is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ai, ei, oi, ui are intended to be pronounced respectively as the vowels in English rye (not ray), grey, boy, ruin; and au (aw) as in loud, how and not as in laud, haw. There is nothing in English closely corresponding to ae, oe, eu; ae and oe may be pronounced as ai, oi. stress The position of llondon accent or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned its place is determined by the form of the word. In words of two syllables it falls in practically all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where that contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two (or more) consonants. Where the last syllable here one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before it, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in the Eldarin languages, especially Quenya. In the following examples the stressed vowel is marked by a capital londdon ¨ ´ isIldur, Orome, erEsse¨a, fEanor, ancAlima, elentAri, dEnethor, periAnnath, ´ ecthElion, pelArgir, silIvren. Words of the type elentAri star-queen seldom occur in Quenya where the vowel is e´, a´, o´, unless (as in this case) they are compounds; ´ they are commoner with the kondon, u´, as andUne sunset, west. 1 So also in Annuˆn sunset, Amruˆn sunrise, under the influence of the related duˆn west, and rhuˆn east. 2 Originally.
No, he hasnt, snapped Hermione. Yes, he has, said Luna. What are heliopaths. asked Neville, looking blank. Theyre spirits of fire, said Luna, her protuberant eyes widening so that she looked madder than ever. Great tall flaming creatures that gallop across the ground burning everything in front of - They dont exist, Neville, said Hermione tartly. Oh yes they do. said Diablo 3 igg angrily. Im sorry, but wheres the click here of that. snapped Hermione. There are plenty of eyewitness accounts, just because youre so narrowminded you need to have everything shoved under your nose before you - Hem, hem, said Ginny in such a good imitation of Professor Umbridge that several people looked around in alarm and then laughed. Werent we trying to decide how often were going to meet and get Defense lessons. Yes, said Hermione at once, yes, we were, youre right. Well, once a week sounds cool, said Lee Jordan. As long as - began Angelina. Yes, yes, we know about the Quidditch, said Hermione in a tense voice. Well, the other thing to decide is where were going to meet. This was rather more difficult; the whole group fell silent. Pubg game zombie. suggested Katie Diablo 3 igg after a few moments. I cant see Madam Pince being too chuffed with us doing jinxes in the library, said Harry. Maybe an unused classroom. said Dean. Yeah, said Ron, McGonagall might let us have hers, she did when Harry was practicing for the Triwizard. But Harry was pretty certain that McGonagall would not be so accommodating this time. For all that Hermione had said about study and homework groups being allowed, he had the distinct feeling this one might be considered a lot more rebellious. Right, well, well try to find somewhere, said Hermione. Diablo 3 igg send a message round to everybody when weve got a time and a place for the first meeting. She rummaged in her bag and produced parchment and a quill, then hesitated, rather as though she was steeling herself to say something. I-I think everybody should write their name down, just so we know who was here. But I also think, she took a deep breath, that we all ought to agree not to shout about what were doing. So if you sign, youre agreeing not to tell Umbridge - or anybody else - what were up to. Fred reached out for the parchment and cheerfully put down his signature, but Harry noticed at once that several people looked less fallout 4 guide happy at the prospect of putting their names on the list. Er. said Zacharias slowly, not taking the parchment that George was trying to pass him. Well. Im sure Ernie will tell me when the meeting is. But Ernie was looking rather hesitant about signing too. Hermione raised her eyebrows at him. I - well, we are prefects, Ernie burst out. And if this list was found. well, I mean to say. you said yourself, if Umbridge finds out. You just said this group was the most important thing youd do this year, Harry reminded him. I - yes, said Ernie, yes, I do believe that, its just. Ernie, do you really think Id leave that list lying around. said Hermione testily. No, of course not, said Ernie, looking slightly less anxious. I - yes, of course Ill sign. Nobody raised objections after Ernie, though Harry saw Chos friend give her a rather reproachful look before adding her name. When the last person - Zacharias - had signed, Hermione took the Diablo 3 igg back and slipped it carefully into her bag. There was an odd feeling in the group now. It was as though they had just click the following article some kind of contract. Well, times ticking on, said Fred briskly, getting to his feet. George, Lee, and I have got items of a sensitive nature to purchase, well be seeing you all later. In twos and threes the rest of the group took their leave too. Cho made rather a business of fastening the catch on her bag before leaving, her long dark curtain of hair swinging forward to hide her face, but her friend stood beside her, arms folded, clicking her tongue, so that Cho had little choice but to leave with her. As her friend ushered her through the door, Cho looked back and waved at Harry. Well, I think that went quite well, said Hermione happily, as she, Harry, and Ron walked out of the Hogs Head into the bright sunlight a few moments later, Harry and Ron still clutching their bottles of butterbeer.
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